Umayyads: 8th to 11th Centuries
In 712 the Moors first arrived in Spain. Abr-ar-Rahman I and his sons established a centre of learning and culture in the Roman city of Cordoba, at the heart of which they built the world’s largest mosque: La Mezquita, now within a cathedral, and a UNESCO World Heritage site.
By the 8th century the Umayyad caliphate, centred in what is now the Middle East, had expanded into Central Asia as well as to northern India and westwards to Spain. Leaving Damascus when the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads in 750 and took control of the great Arab empire, Abd-ar-Rahman I travelled to Al-Andalús where he formed a new Umayyad emirate, or state, based in Córdoba. His descendants continued to rule as emirs there for the next 150 years, with his grandson Abd-ar-Rahman III restoring Umayyad power throughout Al-Andalús and also in parts of North Africa. In 929 he proclaimed himself caliph, elevating the emirate to a position of prestige on a par with that of the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad.
During this golden age of Al-Andalús the population of Córdoba increased to around half a million inhabitants, overtaking Constantinople to become the largest and most prosperous city in Europe. The surrounding land, laid out with its efficient irrigation system, produced a wide variety of crops and this, together with the produce imported from the Middle East, gave the region its reputation for being the most advanced agricultural-economic sector in Europe.
Between 1009 and 1013, however, there raged a devastating civil war and by 1031 the caliphate eventually collapsed. Al-Andalús was divided up into independent states called taifas. About 33 independent taifas emerged but many of the less tenable taifa kingdoms had disappeared by the 1030s, having been taken over by more powerful neighboring taifas
Without a united front they could not defend themselves against incursions by Christian forces. These raids finally became conquests and in the end the taifas had to request help from the Almoravids in northern Africa.
Notable tiafas were Saltés and Huelva ruled by the Bakrid dynasty from 1012 to 1051 when it was taken over by Abbadid dynasty of the Seville taifa. The Seville Taifa 1012–1091 also took forcible control of Algeciras (1055), Ronda (1065) and Arcos (1069). The Taifa of Niebla ruled by the Banu Yahsub dynasty existed from 1023 to 1053.
Where can I see Umayyad cities and sites?
- Cordoba - the Mezquita and Medina Azahara
- Malaga - the Gibralfaro fortress and the Alcazaba
- Almeria - the Alcazaba
Moorish history of Andalucia
Tariq’s Invasion
Umayyads
Almoravids and Almohads
Las Navas de Tolosa
Nasrids
Boabdil
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